Snapper, Pagrus auratus. Floor Anthoni 2006.
A study of reflex impairment and physiological stress was conducted with captured snapper and published in JEMBE 2014 by McArley, T.J & Herbert, N.A. Fish were exposed to simulated angling by chasing to fatigue, followed by air exposure. The authors' text is quoted below.
Reflex impairment (RI) was measured for seven reflex actions (Table 1). “If the presence of a positive reflex response was ambiguous it was scored as absent. The entire RI assessment was completed in less than 50 s, of which the fish was exposed to air for approximately 30 s. Reflexes were scored present (1) or absent (0) for individual fish and the RI score (proportion of reflexes impaired) was calculated by dividing the number of reflexes absent by the total number of possible reflexes (Davis, 2010). For example if four out of the seven possible reflexes were absent a fish would be given an RI score of 0.57.”
Reflex impairment is a potential measure of vitality loss after exposure of snapper to angling stressors:
“A primary aim of this study was to assess the potential use of RI as a simple tool for measurement of fish vitality following angling and our lab-based trials indicate RI has the potential to be used in this way. RI was significantly related to the duration of strenuous exercise and air exposure (Fig. 1) and therefore provided a good index of fish condition. Importantly, fish exposed to more severe stress treatments exhibited greater RI than those exposed to more mild stress treatments, a finding that agrees with several other studies of RI in fish (Barkley and Cadrin, 2012; Brownscombe et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2010b; Davis, 2007; Humborstad et al., 2009; Raby et al., 2012, 2013). Furthermore, greater RI was associated with significantly higher plasma lactate concentration and reduced muscle pH suggesting that RI can indicate (predict) an alteration in physiological condition.”
Anaerobic respiration is associated with lactate production and reflex impairment:
“Burst swimming is powered by anaerobic respiration fueled by stored energy in white muscle (Milligan, 1996) and the lactic acid produced accumulates rapidly in muscle tissue and then “spills over” into circulation after a 5–10 min delay (Wood, 1991). Plasma lactate therefore serves as a useful indicator of anaerobic respiration in fish (Gale et al., 2011; Lowe and Wells, 1996; Meka and McCormick, 2005) and, as fish performed burst swimming during chasing, it is unsurprising that plasma lactate correlated positively with the duration of chasing stress and that both muscle pH and blood pH were lower in fish chased for longer periods. Physiological alterations appeared to be more pronounced in summer than in winter suggesting that when water temperature is warmer a more severe stress response appears to occur in snapper.”
Physiological basis for reflex impairment:
“RI is thought to have a physiological basis (Davis, 2010) and a significant relationship between RI and increased plasma lactate concentration has been observed in salmonids (Raby et al., 2013). As RI is measured directly after stressor exposure physiological disturbances that manifest quickly during stress are likely causes of RI. Physiological alterations such as cortisol concentration that can plateau 30 min - 1 h after the initial stressor exposure (Milligan, 1996; Wendelaar Bonga, 1997) are therefore unlikely to be directly responsible for the RI measured in this study. In this study most RI occurred as a result of an inability to perform reflexes involving powerful muscular contractions, such as the gag reflex, body flexing and the startle response. Powerful muscular contraction is fueled by anaerobic metabolism in white muscle fibres and can only be maintained for short periods (Milligan, 1996). As higher RI scores were correlated with lower muscle pH and higher concentrations of plasma lactate it is hypothesized that muscle fatigue resulting from anaerobic metabolism performed during strenuous exercise caused the majority of the observed RI. The muscle pH and plasma lactate concentrations associated with the same RI scores, however, were different in summer and winter (Fig. 4) and there was no difference between the summer and winter measures of fish vitality (RI) and mortality. This suggests that rather than being causes of RI, plasma lactate concentration and muscle pH may have been indicators of an unmeasured physiological process that impaired some of the reflexes quantified in the current study. Other reflexes we measured that were not as commonly impaired, such as the righting response and vestibular ocular, are essentially neurological and their impairment likely results from alternative pathways to those measured in this study.”
Mortality was rarely observed when snapper were exposed to angling conditions:
“Despite the limitations of comparing our mortality estimates to real fishing scenarios the findings provide evidence that strenuous exercise and air exposure imposed during angling, are not likely to be direct causes of discard mortality in P. auratus. During the collection of sub-legal snapper from the wild for this study, fish were landed relatively quickly (approximately 15 to 30 s), and were typically unhooked in less than 30 s. In investigations of authentic angling events for P. auratus of comparable size (< 270 mm FL) in south eastern Australia, the majority of fish were landed in less than 30 s (Broadhurst et al., 2012; Grixti et al., 2010) and had less than 30 second exposure to air (Broadhurst et al., 2012). Thus, the 5 minute strenuous exercise period and the 3 minute air exposure period in this study must be considered extreme levels for recreational angling and probably rarely occur in authentic angling events. Encouragingly, even with these high levels of stress, little mortality was seen against a backdrop of high summer water temperatures.”
Predation risk for snapper that show reflex impairment associated with angling:
“It is often overlooked in catch and release studies but a potentially important contributor to discard mortality is post-release predation (Raby et al., 2014). While no measure of predation risk was assessed in this study, our measurements of RI indicate that snapper may not be overtly susceptible to predation upon release, at least when no barotrauma is present. This is because RI was minimal among snapper released after angling simulations most relevant to authentic recreational angling events (i.e. 0.5 min chasing with up to 1 min air exposure), and it is believed that the vigorous condition of these fish would not make them easy targets for predators. Importantly, reflexes that might be associated with reduced predator avoidance, such as the startle response and righting response, remained intact.”
Snapper captured by trawl may be at risk from increased air exposure:
“It is likely that mortality increases significantly at some point beyond 3 min air exposure in P. auratus but this may not be relevant to recreational angling. Longer periods of air exposure, however, may be present in commercial trawl fisheries where large catches are sorted on deck so knowledge of air exposure tolerance beyond that observed in this study would be useful in this context. Therefore, the existence of a predictive relationship between RI and mortality in snapper remains a possibility but probably requires the inclusion of more extreme air exposure treatment to be clarified in future trials.”
Clearly any capture of snapper that produces barotrauma can be a source of mortality and requires further study in deep water commercial and recreational fisheries.
Clearly any capture of snapper that produces barotrauma can be a source of mortality and requires further study in deep water commercial and recreational fisheries.
